EFFECTS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE REDUCTION IN NIGERIA

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INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship development plays a major role in economic development and growth of any nation in every economy of the world. This is done when activities of economic values exchange hands through the entrepreneurial activities that emanated from the innovative and creative processes of building and establishing new products as a result of new ideas and the re-creation of products from existing ones to new ones. Micro, small and medium (MSME) enterprises are the bedrock of economic growth. It quickens employment generation and increases Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a nation. Entrepreneurial development has been conceived by successive government as a programme of activities to enhance the knowledge, skill, behaviour and attitudes of individual and groups to assume the role of entrepreneurs (Osemeke, 2012).
Entrepreneurial activities have been in the domain of men in all the countries of the world. Women are seen as home makers while men involve in making wealth for the family. This has made women to be subordinate to the men even to the extent of slavery conditions as he who pays the piper dictates the tone. This has actually led to women being abused in different forms at home by their husbands. These women that are constantly being abused by their husbands are afraid of leaving the home or marriage because they cannot support themselves and children financially. As time goes on it became imperative for women to stand up and take control of their lives especially income (Oláh et al., 2014).
Recently, emphasis has been made on women entrepreneurship development; it has been observed that empowering women through entrepreneurship development will lead to a better standard of living. It will also give women economic upliftment that will enable them become financially independent. Women can take important roles in the socio-economic development of their societies by involving in entrepreneurial activities that can enable them to have a sense of belonging to the society and provide financially to the income of the family. Developing women entrepreneurs that will start new businesses is critical for a country's long term economic growth and increase in household income (Ayogu & Agu, 2015).
Women entrepreneurship development can be seen as the act of involving women to participate in entrepreneurial activities by taking all the risk associated in the venture. It entails training and exposing women to skill acquisition, opportunity identification and developing them to be able to combine available resources at their disposal to produce goods and services for the betterment of themselves and the society at large (Ferdousi and Mahmud (2019).
Domestic violence is an act of intimidation, physical, verbal or emotional abuse that has become an epidemic. Domestic violence is not new to the Nigerian society. Often, we have woken up to read of murder and violence. Domestic violence happens across all sectors of society. It cuts across the educated and the illiterate, the religious and the freethinkers, classes of career women and stay-at-home wives, the married and the single as well as all ages. Domestic violence in all over the world has been on the increase (Agene, 2017). Tjaden and Thoennes (2002) as cited by (Aihie, 2009) reported that in the United States of America, each year, women experience about 4.8 million intimate partner-related physical assaults and rapes while men are victims of about 2.9 million intimate partner related physical assaults. In third world countries, cases of domestic violence are more prevalence as it condoned and reportedly justified. In many African cultures, husband beating a wife is seen as a way to discipline her. As IRC (2012) reported that domestic violence is the "most urgent, pervasive and significant protection issue for women in West Africa" based on the data collected, over 10 years in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast.
Similarly, Basu and Pratishthan (2002) observed that 56% of Indian women surveyed by an agency justified wife-beating as a way to discipline a wife who is found wanting on domestic issues. In Nigeria, many studies proved that there is high prevalence of domestic violence (UNICEF, 2001;Obi and Ozumba, 2007;Project Alert, 2001;This Day 2011;and AfrolNews, 2007). The increase of domestic violence stem out of so many reasons. Different countries of the world, have different reasons for involvement in domestic violence. However, a woman who is economically buoyant can have a say by reporting the case to the relevant authority and may have the courage to leave the union. Unlike a woman who depends on her husband for livelihood. Against this background that the study examined the extent to which women entrepreneurship development positively reduces domestic violence in Nigeria. The study objectives were to: determine the extent to which women involvement in entrepreneurial activities reduces domestic violence; ascertain the socio economic status and conditions of women who are domestically violated; and evaluate how the household status affect entrepreneurial women in Nigeria. Osemeke (2012) defined Entrepreneurship Development as the process of enhancing entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through structured training and institution-building programmes and the aim is to enlarge the base of entrepreneurs in order to hasten the pace at which new ventures are created. Entrepreneurship development increases employment opportunities, accelerates economic development and growth. Solomon (2007) stated that entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability of an individual to seek for investment opportunities, to establish and to run an enterprise successfully. Entrepreneurship to Omolayo and Baba (2013) is the act of starting a company, arranging business deals and taking risks in order to make profit through the education skills acquired. The entrepreneurship spirit is a pre-requisite to an entrepreneurial society and culture. This spirit is required for the overall economic growth of any nation especially developing ones like Nigeria.
The entrepreneurship development encompasses skill development, new venture creation, and financing as a means of survival for the practioners and the general society (Osuagwu et al., 2017). That is why Nwagu (2006);and Ojeifo (2013) stated that entrepreneurship development is the anchored on the willingness and ability of government to encourage the identification of suitable environmental change and exploit such an opportunity to produced goods and services for public consumption.
Entrepreneurship development is the manifestation of ability and willingness of individuals operating on their own, as a teams, within and outside existing organizations, to perceive and create new economic opportunities (new products, new production methods, new organizational schemes and new product-market combinations) and to introduce their ideas in the market, in the face of uncertainty and other obstacles, by making decisions on location, form and the use of resources and institutions (Afolabi, 2015).
Entrepreneurship development contributes to poverty reduction when it creates employment through the startup of new entrepreneurship or the expansion of existing ones and they increases social wealth by creating new markets, new industries, new technology, new institutional forms, new jobs and net increases in real productivity, increases income which culminates in higher standards of living for the population then it is logically to state that if the number of entrepreneurs of any given country increase the poverty indicators will decrease (Hussain et al., 2014). Hussain (2014) further argued that entrepreneurship development contributes to poverty reduction when it creates employment through the startup of new entrepreneurship or the expansion of existing ones and they increases social wealth by creating new markets, new industries, new technology, new institutional forms, new jobs and net increases in real productivity, increases income which culminates in higher standards of living for the population then it is logically to state that if the number of entrepreneurs of any given country increase the poverty indicators will decrease.
Entrepreneurship is recognized as an integral component of economic development and as a crucial factor in the effort to lift countries of the world out of poverty (Wolfenson, 2001). Entrepreneurship is a driving force for economic value and growth, job creation, and poverty reduction in developing countries such as Nigeria. They have been the means through which accelerated economic growth and rapid industrialization have been achieved (Harris et al., 2006;and Sauser, 2005). Today, through entrepreneurship, small scale business has been recognized as a feeder service to large-scale industries all over the world (Fabayo, 2009).
According to Capowski (1992), women entrepreneurs are predominant in the service industry, which is attributed to the "traditional" female upbringing. Similarly, Kepler and Shane (2007); and Brush et al. (2006) suggested that female-led businesses are more likely to be found in personal services and retail trade and less likely to be found in manufacturing and high technology. Since their young age women are expected to help in the home and have been educated to be service-oriented, which explains why entrepreneurial activities are concentrated in the services sector.

ISSN (Print): 2651-6144; ISSN (Online): 2651-6365
Domestic violence is a global problem that crosses cultural, geographic, religious, social and economic boundaries and is a violation of human rights. Violence against women deprives women of their right to fully take part in social and economic life (Idris et al., 2018). Domestic violence is the intentional and persistent abuse of anyone in the home in a way that causes pain, distress or injury. It refers to any abusive treatment of one family member by another, thus violating the law of basic human rights. It causes a myriad of physical and mental health issues and in some cases results in permanent injury and even loss of life. It includes battering of intimate partners and others, sexual abuse of children, marital rape and traditional practices that are harmful to women (Aihie, 2009). Seltzer and Kalmuss (1988) observe that stress could lead to domestic violence. A family situation with increased financial pressure could make a man respond to stress with wife beating. Jewkes (2002) argues as well that couples in poverty may experience domestic violence due to conflicts associated with finances. Many cases of domestic violence against women occur due to jealousy when the spouse is either suspected of being unfaithful or is planning to leave the relationship. An evolutionary psychology explanation of such cases of domestic violence against women is that they represent to male attempts to control female reproduction and ensure sexual exclusivity for himself through violence or the threat of violence (Goetz, 2010) as cited in (Oluremi, 2015) Agu (2019) stated that unemployment and economic hardship which is classified as Economic problems increase the level of stress and aggression, often leading to domestic violence. A high level of unemployment contributes to the fact that people quarrel in families. In the conditions of accumulated stress due to lack of money, such quarrels often end in cases of violence. This agrees with the adage that says "a hungry man is an angry man" in Nigeria, most bread winners are men, when they are unemployed or lose their jobs, they become angry at the slightest provocation which leads to beating the woman. In some cases when the woman becomes the bread winner, the man's ego is busted; he begins to feel inferior before the woman which makes him resort to beating as way to exert control on the woman.
Similarly, Goetz (2010) opined that jealousy is one of the major reasons for the occurrence of domestic violence. When the spouse is either suspected of being unfaithful or is planning to leave the relationship. Such cases of domestic violence against women are explained by an evolutionary psychology that they represent the male attempts to control female reproduction and ensure sexual exclusivity for him through violence or the threat of violence. Also, Jewkes (2002) asserts that couples in poverty may be more likely to experience domestic violence, due to increased stress and conflicts about finances and other aspects. Walker (1999) as cited by Rakovec-Felser (2014) viewed domestic violence as pattern of abusive manner to human behaviours which include a wide range of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment used by one person in an intimate relationship against another to gain power unfairly or maintain that person's misuse of power, control, and authority. It can either results or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or even a death. Walker (1999) points that when one form of family violence appears, one can expect all others, including various aggressive acts outside the family in community.
Domestic violence can also occur through social learning, when an individual observes violent behaviour, he/she is more likely to imitate it especially when there are no negative consequences and when the victim also accepts the violence with submission. The behaviour will likely continue. Often, violence is transmitted from generation to generation in a cyclical manner (Crowell & Sugarman, 1996). Domestic violence is a sad phenomenon despite the reason given for the cause such as lack of harmony and understanding between partner, different family backgrounds, financial problems, extreme jealousy, mental disorders and lack of religion (Isgandarova, 2017;WHO, 2013;and Khan, 2015). However, the causes of domestic violent are many that is why there are many different theories of causes of domestic violent such as psychological theories that consider personality traits and mental characteristics of the perpetrators. There is an also social theory which considers perpetrator's environment as external factor that influences their behaviour such external factors is socialization, stress human experience etc. Personality disorder can also lead to domestic violent (Rakovec-Felser, 2014). The major consequences of domestic violence are the effect it has on the health of the victim. Some researchers have found that domestic violence has led to miscarriage, losing of weight, sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, paralysis, vaginal bleeding and weight loss (Semahegn and Mengistie, 2015;Flury et al., 2010;Naved, 2013;and Afifi et al., 2011). Apart from the impact on physical health, previous researchers also reported that female survivors of domestic violence were also affected in terms of mental health such as depression, fear, anxiety, low self-esteem, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Kapoor, 2000;Leonardsson and San Sebastian, 2017;and Pickover et al., 2017) as cited in (Idris et al., 2018).
Domestic violence does not only affect the direct victim, children that grow up in an environment where there is violence have tendencies of suffering behavioural and emotional disturbances. They may also grow up to perpetrate violence in their later life; they may see it as normal way of living. Violence also leads to high rate of infant mortality and morbidity as a result of the depressed state of the mother. A woman who constantly experiences violence from the spouse may not be able to properly care for her child/children who may result in malnutrition illness and even death (Jeevasuthan and Hatta, 2013).
Women entrepreneurs are contributing substantially to economies in Nigeria, Africa and the world at large, and their level of engagement and involvement into entrepreneurial activities are increasing at a faster pace compare to that of the men (Richardson et al., 2004;Spring, 2009;Niethammer, 2013;and Kelly et al., 2015). Promoting women's entrepreneurship is considered an important pathway for reducing poverty which can take away or reduce domestic violence and supporting women's economic empowerment in the society.
The Common Wealth Secretariat (2002) pined that women entrepreneurs around the world contribute numerous ideas and a great deal of energy and capital resources to their families, communities, and generate jobs as well as create additional work for suppliers and other spin-off business linkages to the entire society and by so doing, it takes away they became busy in activities of economic value which in totality will reduce domestic violence in their homes. Siwadi and Mhangami (2011) on the other hand, asserted that it is undeniable that women entrepreneurs are the major actors in entrepreneurial sector and are contributors to economic development and are becoming increasingly visible in the local economies of Nigeria and other developing counties. Based on the thus far, promoting women's economic and political empowerment has gained greater attention over the last three decades to many countries of the world (Yeshiareg, 2007).
Government of some countries, like the Ugandan government in 2015 identified the promotion of women's entrepreneurship as an important pillar for achieving its gender equality goals and launched a four year programme to address 'the challenges women face in undertaking income generating activities including limited access to finance or credit facilities, technical knowledge and skills for business development as well as information regarding business opportunities environments (Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development website, 2015). And, as part of the African Women in Business Initiative (AWIB), the African Development Bank has initiated various interventions across the continent to develop financing instruments and mechanisms for supporting the development and growth of women's enterprises in order to get focus in activities of economic importance which will generally reduce violence in numerous homes (African Development Bank website, 2015 cited in Vossenberg (2016). Nigeria government has put in place institutional arrangements for the articulation and implementation of programs and projects that are women oriented in order to foster the role of women in development (Lawal & Oguche, 2004). These include: The establishment of national commission for women by decree 30 of 1989, which became operational in 1990. It is aimed at developing policies and programs that could enhance the status of Nigeria women and address the various issues militating against their full participation in the entrepreneurship development process. It has as one of its objectives to encourage the sense and essence of cooperative society and activities among women both in urban and rural areas and stimulate in them, creative entrepreneurship in the field of cottage industries and small scale industries. Better life programme was initiated in 1987 to improve the status of Nigeria women. It corroborated with the government, private and non-governmental organizations (e.g. National Council of Women Societies) to provide vocational training and credit facilities for women. It also promoted their cottage industries and the marketing of their products. Better life programme was absorbed into the National commission for women which later metamorphosed in to family support programme before its demise. Also, there are several non-governmental organizations that have helped in promoting women entrepreneurship in Nigeria e.g., Nigerian Women Entrepreneurs and many others (Amuchie and Asotibe, 2015).
McLarty and Dousios (2006) viewed entrepreneurial activities as skill embodied with ideas of competence, attributes, proficiency, and the capability to create something of economic value that perform well and is closely linked to expertise, capability and knowledge of distinguished persons that add values to the society the production and marketing of goods and services. And these skills can be attained through education and vocational training (Erasmus et al., 2005). Similarly, entrepreneurial skill entails knowledge established by actions of people or the ability to perform in a certain way, which is acquired through training and education (Smith and Perks, 2006). Entrepreneurship skills are defined as identifying societal needs who and remained the customers, technical or market opportunities, and pursuing opportunities that create value addition (Hayton, 2015). He postulates that these entrepreneurship skills are part of a broader set of management and leadership skills needed in women entrepreneurship development (Hayton, 2015).
Women entrepreneurship, it is important to say that women entrepreneurs are simply women who participate in total entrepreneurial activities, who take the risks involved in combining resources together in a unique way so as to take advantage of the opportunity identified in their immediate environments through the production of goods and services and sometimes whose innovations alter the shape and direction of a total industry or sector in the environment of operation. Most of them are involved in micro, small and medium scale enterprises (MSMEs) which constitute more than 97% of all enterprises of a given nation, they contribute 60% of the nation's GDP and 94% of the total share of employment creation (Mayoux, 2001;and Ndubusi, 2004). The spectrum of women in entrepreneurship often ranges from mom-and-pop outfits, home-based businesses (HBB) to micro, small, and medium enterprises [MSMEs] (International Labour Organization [ILO], 1998). Women entrepreneurs generally share the same motivations with their men counterparts (Imhonopi et al., 2010). The status of women in Nigeria, like in any other society, is biologically, culturally and socially distinct from that of men.

ISSN (Print): 2651-6144; ISSN (Online): 2651-6365
Cultural values in Nigeria society play vital role in shaping the institutions in the country. Values and beliefs shape behavior and, accordingly assumed also to influence the decision to become self-employed of women and employers of labour (Mueller and Thomas, 2000). Cultural values can also be linked to entrepreneurship due to the deep impact it create around in the society. Hofstede (2001) distinguished between several cultural indicators which includes power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term versus short-term orientation. These dimensions, in particular power distance, individualism and uncertainty avoidance have been studied in relationship to women entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development (Wennekers et al., 2002).
Gender differences in entrepreneurial activity are to some extent studied well with documented evidence in the literature (Brush, 2007). Though in recent years the number of women entrepreneurs has increased dramatically (De Bruin et al., 2006), empirical indication indicates that still almost twice as many men as women become entrepreneurs, and that these differences are consistent across countries (Watkins & Watkins, 1986). However, entrepreneurship scholars have limited understanding of the factors and decision processes that influence men and women differently to pursue (or not) entrepreneurship and become selfemployed (Lituchy and Reavly, 2004).
The experiences the women entrepreneurs have in running their businesses include such problems as lack of enough capital, difficulties in transportation and marketing, the perishability of some commodities and competing demand related to household chores, difficulties in licensing procedures, finding staff with the right skills, willing to work for a small firm can be a problem, as is ensuring they have the time to update their skills and keep up with developments in the field (Farah, 2014).
Inadequate access to finance is another factor that influences women participation in entrepreneurial activities. The greatest barrier facing women entrepreneurs in Nigeria is access to finance and is an issue because of requirements of collateral before it can be granted. In Nigeria society, very few women owned property and that makes it difficult for them to provide collateral for bank facilities. Most women who venture into businesses in the rural areas and need financing lack the needed collateral to enable them secure bank loans to boast their businesses or start new ones. Responsibility of entrepreneurs for dependents has limited opportunities to make savings or undertake business expansion and diversification in the country (Athanne, 2011). The financial aspects of setting up a business are without doubt the biggest obstacles to many women in the world (Zororo, 2011).

MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study Area
Nigeria is a federal constitutional republic comprised of 36 States and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Nigeria is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the West, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the North with a current population of 208,876, 465, which the Men stands at 105, 770, 363 (50.6%), while the Women stands at 103, 106, 102 (49.4%). The country lies between Longitudes 2°49'E and 14°37'E and Latitudes 4°16'N and 13°52' North of the Equator (Worldometer Elaboration of the Latest United Nations Data, 2020).

Sampling Techniques
The study adopted survey research design because copies of questionnaire were administered to gather information from the population of the study. The study covered the six geo-political zone of Nigeria and the total population of the study comprised of the 839 women across the zones. The period spanned from 2015 to 2018 which gives adequate information on how entrepreneurship has either increased domestic violence or reduced domestic violence in Nigeria.

Analytical Techniques
The study used statistical package for social science for the analysis of the information gathered with the aid of regression tool. The result also conduct a summary analysis of the information gathered through descriptive statistics. Table 1 shows the responses of participants that were surveyed. The following is a breakdown of the responses received from the respondents: In the North Central Zone, 129 respondents (72.9%) chose married, 13 respondents (7.3%) chose single, 7 respondents (4%) chose the divorced, 8 respondents (4.5%) chose the separated, 7 respondents (4%) were widowed while 13 respondents (7.3%) does not state anything. From the North West, 187 respondents (82.4%) chose married, 8 respondents (3.5) chose the single, 2 respondents (0.9%) were divorced, 21 respondents (9.3%) went separated, 6 respondents (2.6%) were widowed and 3 respondents (1.3%) does not suggest their own opinion outside the listed options. Out of a total of 102 respondents from the North East Zone, 72 respondents (70.6%) were married, 6 respondents (5.9%) were single, 4 respondents (3.9%) were divorced, 12 respondents (11.7%) were separated and 6 respondents (5.9%) were widowed, while 2 respondents (2%) went for others.

Women in Agriculture and Domestic Violence
The results of Table 2 indicates that women involvement in entrepreneurial activities affect domestic violence to the extent of 43% while other changes is affected by variables not consider in this study.

ANOVA a Analysis of Domestic Violence and Women in Agriculture
As presented in Table 3, the significance level indicates that women involvement reduces domestic violence as attest by the respondents' responses with a significance level of 0.000. This therefore, connotes that any increase in entrepreneurial activities by women, there is decrease in domestic violence. This finding is in line with the findings of Agaba (2017); Okpaga and Ade (2008); Ellsberg and Heise (2005); and Odimegwu and Okemgbu (2001). Therefore, domestic violence against women constitutes a major setback to agricultural activities in the study area.

Coefficients a Effects of Domestic Violence and Women in Agriculture
The result of Table 4 also indicates a significance level of increase in women involvement in entrepreneurial activities and reduction in domestic violence because it has a significance level. Also, the result indicates a tolerance level below 10 which means a moderate association between women involvement and reduction in domestic violence.   Chatha et al. (2014) reporting that there is a lower socio-economic status in abused women than in non-abused ones. Household Status of the Respondents Table 6 indicates that household status affect entrepreneurial women in Nigeria based on the respondents rate. The result evident that 499 respondents who represent 59.5% of the total respondents attest that household status affect entrepreneurial women in Nigeria while 338 respondents representing 40.3% opined that household status does not affect entrepreneurial women in Nigeria. Thus, it is concluded that household status affect entrepreneurial women in Nigeria. Thus, it is concluded that household status affect entrepreneurial women in Nigeria. The finding is in agreement with the findings of Doss (2011); Kusabe and Kelker (2001); and Chatha et al. (2014) that household status which as a result of domestic violence prevents entrepreneurial women from realizing their business potentialities and dreams.   Table 7 reveals that household status affects entrepreneurial women in Nigeria based on the significance level of the variable and the result indicates that those respondents that attest no has a threshold of 31.262 while those that attest yes has a Wald value of 72.709. The finding is in agreement with the findings of Doss (2011); Kusabe and Kelker (2001); Chatha and Chatha et al. (2014); and Agaba (2017) whose reports states that that domestic violence against women affects their productivity as it has effects on the women's socially, mentally and physically health status especially, the enterprising ones.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Women entrepreneurship development is an act of involving women to participate in entrepreneurial activities by taking all the risks associated in the venture. It entails training and exposing women to skill acquisition, opportunity identification and developing them to be able to combine available resources at their disposal to produce goods and services for the betterment of themselves and the society at large while domestic violence is a global problem that crosses cultural, geographical, religious, social and economic boundaries and is a violation of human rights particularly against women. The study determined the effect of women entrepreneurial development on reduction of domestic violence in Nigeria from 2015 to 2018. The study discovered that women involvement in entrepreneurial activities help to reduce domestic violence as attest by the respondents' responses. Also, it was gathered that socio economic status and conditions of women who are domestically violated is very bad and household status affects entrepreneurial women in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommended that women should be encouraged to involve in entrepreneurial activities because it reduces the rate of domestic violence in many homes.